Withaperuvin O, a new withanolide from Physalis peruviana L.

Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) has been used in tropical and subtropical countries of the world as medicinal and fruit trees. In this study, a new withanolide named withaperuvin O (1) and seven known ones, including physalolactone B-3-O-ß-D-glucopyranoside (2), withanolide J (3), physapruin A (4), physaperuvin G (5), withaperuvin (6), withaperuvin C (7) and 28-hydroxywithaperuvin C (8), were isolated from the whole plants of P. peruviana. Their structures were elucidated based on extensive spectroscopic analyses including NMR and HR-ESI-MS. The bioactivities of these compounds against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells and cytotoxicity against HepG2 were tested. Compound 3 showed strong anti-inflammatory activities with IC50 3.55 ± 0.12 µM (compared to positive control L-NMMA 7.72 ± 0.46 µM). Compounds 3 and 4 inhibited HepG2 cell line with the IC50 values of 2.01 ± 0.12 µM, 0.96 ± 0.05 µM, respectively (Ellipticine, 0.32 ± 0.02 µM). Our study indicated that compounds 3 and 4 could be new potential natural products for the development of anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer agents.

Golden berry leaf extract containing withanolides suppresses TNF-α and IL-17 induced IL-6 expression in HeLa Cells.

Inflammation, characterized by the overexpression of IL-6 in various tissues, has been reported as a symptom of coronavirus disease 2019. In this study, we established an experimental system for overexpression of IL-6 in HeLa cells stimulated by TNF-α and IL-17, along with identification of anti-inflammatory materials and components from local agricultural, forestry, and fishery resources. We constructed a library of extracts from natural sources, of which 111 samples were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities. The MeOH extract of Golden Berry (Physalis peruviana L) leaf was found to exhibit strong anti-inflammatory properties (IC50 = 4.97 µg/mL). Preparative chromatography identified two active constituents, 4ß-hydroxywithanolide E (4ß-HWE) (IC50 = 183 nM) and withanolide E (WE) (IC50 = 65.1 nM). Withanolides are known anti-inflammatory ingredients of Withania somnifera, an Ayurvedic herbal medicine. P. peruviana leaves containing 4ß-HWE and WE should be considered as useful natural resources for anti-inflammatory products.

Influence of storage variables on the antioxidant and antitumor activities, phenolic compounds and vitamin C of an agglomerate of Andean berries.

Berry consumption is increasing worldwide due to their high content of bioactive compounds. However, such fruits have a very short shelf life. To avoid this drawback and to offer an effective alternative for its consumption at any time of the year, an agglomerated berry powder mix (APB) was developed. The aim of this work was to evaluate the stability of APB during a 6-months-period storage at 3 temperatures. The stability of APB was determined by moisture, aw, antioxidant activity, total phenolics, total anthocyanins, vitamin C, color, phenolic profiles, and MTT assay. APB showed differences in antioxidant activity between 0 and 6 months. It experimented non-enzymatic browning, which was more remarkable at 35 °C. APB at time 0 exhibited growth inhibitory effects against HT-29 human cancer cells. Most properties were significantly modified by storage temperature and time, which induces a significant decreasing of bioactive compounds.

Nephroprotective effect of Physalis peruviana L. calyx extract and its butanolic fraction against cadmium chloride toxicity in rats and molecular docking of isolated compounds.

BACKGROUND: Cadmium is an environmentally toxic metal that has deleterious effects on both animals and humans due to its accumulation in different body tissues. Physalis peruviana L. fruit and calyx contain many active constituents which are used traditionally for their different biological activities. Based on the traditional uses of P. peruviana L. calyx, we aimed to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of their 80% aqueous methanol extract (AME) and n-butanol fraction (Bu.F.) against cadmium chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in rats and to correlate this activity with phytoconstituents isolated using molecular docking studies. METHODS: The n-butanol fraction of P. peruviana L. calyx was fractionated using various chromatographic techniques and the isolated compounds were identified based on their chemical and spectroscopic data. The nephroprotective activity was assessed using cadmium chloride-induced nephrotoxicity in the rat model, by measuring some important parameters such as body weight, kidney weight, serum urea, and creatinine levels, oxidative stress markers, inflammatory markers, and histopathological examinations of kidney tissue. Molecular docking studies of the isolated compounds were performed. RESULTS: Three withanolides named 4 ß-hydroxywithanolide E (1), Physalin B (2) and 3α, 14ß-dihydroxywithaphysalin N (3) were isolated and identified from the n-butanol fraction of P. peruviana L calyx extract. The extract and its butanol fraction significantly improved the serum kidney function markers and tissue oxidative status including malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT). Additionally, the extracts significantly decreased the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κß). Moreover, the histological changes were ameliorated by the extracts. The molecular docking study showed that the isolated compounds displayed a remarkable inhibitory activity against IκB kinase. CONCLUSION: The AME and its butanol fraction of P. peruviana L calyx showed potential nephroprotective activity against cadmium chloride-induced nephrotoxicity which is correlated at least in part to its considerable withanolides content.

Ameliorative effects of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced toxicity: genetic and biochemical approach.

In this study, the toxic effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG), which is the sodium salt of glutamic acid and used as a flavor-enhancing additive in foods, and the protective role of cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) extract against these effects were investigated using Allium cepa L. test material with physiological, cytogenetic, and biochemical parameters. In the study, physiological changes were evaluated by determining root length, weight gain, and rooting percentage; genetic changes were evaluated by chromosomal abnormalities, micronucleus (MN) formation, mitotic index ratio (MI), and DNA damage. Oxidative stress was evaluated by determining the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT). Further, the relationships between oxidative stress and other parameters in the study were investigated. The antimutagenic effect of P. peruviana L. extract was evaluated as inhibition caused by MSG-induced chromosomal abnormalities (CAs) and DNA damage. In the study, six groups, including one control and five applications, were formed. The bulbs of Allium cepa L. in the control group were treated with tap water; the bulbs in the administration groups treated with 1000 mg/L MSG, 125 mg/L, and 250 mg/L concentrations of P. peruviana L. extract and MSG (1000 mg/L) in combination with P. peruviana L. extracts (125 mg/L and 250 mg/L) for 72 h. At the end of the application, compared to the control group, MSG application caused decreases in rooting percentage, weight gain, root length and MI, increases in frequencies of MN formation, chromosomal abnormalities, and DNA damage. In the biochemical analysis, it was determined that there were increases in MDA, SOD, and CAT levels and a decrease in GSH level. P. peruviana L. extract ameliorated MSG toxicity by showing improvement in all these parameters depending on the application concentration. As a result, considering the toxic effects of MSG, it has been understood that the use as a food additive should be abandoned and the use of P. peruviana L. in addition to daily nutrition has been found to be a good antioxidant nutrient in reducing the effects of exposed toxic substances.

Tolerance to irrigation water salinity in physalis plants: productive aspects / Tolerância à salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de fisális: aspectos produtivos

The cultivation of non-traditional fruits has gained ground in the horticulture sector, but which, in certain situations, are plants that require previous studies related to soil adaptability, climate, and irrigation water quality. In this sense, this work aimed to evaluate the effects of irrigation water salinity on Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) plants in the different growth phases. The experimental area was installed on the premises of the Federal University of Campina Grande, adopting a casualized block design, with four saline levels of irrigation water (0.3; 1.2; 2.1 and 3.0 dS m-1) and five repetitions per treatment. The variables analyzed were: stem diameter, plant height and number of leaves every 15 days, leaf area at 55 days after transplanting, number of side branches, number of flower buds, number of flowers, average fruit weight, polar diameter, and equatorial diameter of fruits, number of fruits per plant and productivity. According to the results, the plants were tolerant to saline levels of irrigation water of up to 3.0 dS m-1, without prejudice to the phenological and productive characteristics of the crop. The unitary increase in the salinity of the irrigation water did not result in damage to the physiological characteristics of the plants until the 60 days of transplanting. (AU)

O cultivo de frutas não tradicionais tem ganhado espaço no setor de hortifrútis, mas que, em determinadas situações, são plantas que requerem estudos prévios relacionados a adaptabilidade de solo, clima e qualidade da água de irrigação. Neste sentido, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da salinidade da água de irrigação em plantas de Physalis peruviana L. (fisális) nas distintas fases de crescimento. A área experimental foi instalada nas dependências da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, adotando o delineamento em blocos casualizados, com quatro níveis salinos da água de irrigação (0,3; 1,2; 2,1 e 3,0 dS m-1) e cinco repetições por tratamento. As variáveis analisadas foram: diâmetro do caule, altura das plantas e número de folhas a cada 15 dias, área foliar aos 55 dias após o transplantio, número de ramos laterais, número de botões florais, número de flores, peso médio dos frutos, diâmetro polar e diâmetro equatorial dos frutos, número de frutos por planta e produtividade. Conforme os resultados, as plantas se mostraram tolerantes a níveis salinos da água de irrigação de até 3,0 dS m-1, sem prejuízos nas características fenológicas da cultura e produtivas. O aumento unitário da salinidade da água de irrigação não resultou em danos nas características fisiológicas das plantas até os 60 dias de transplantio. (AU)

Effects of carrier agents on powder properties, stability of carotenoids, and encapsulation efficiency of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) powder produced by co-current spray drying.

Maltodextrin, modified starch, inulin, alginate, gum arabic, and combinations thereof were used as carrier agents for spray drying of carotenoid-rich goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) juice and compared to cellobiose as an alternative carrier. Powders were analyzed with respect to particle size and morphology, yield, moisture content, cold water solubility, suspension stability, hygroscopicity, carotenoid encapsulation efficiency, and carotenoid retention during storage. A high initial carotenoid concentration after spray drying, a high encapsulation efficiency of 77.2%, and a slow carotenoid degradation kinetics favored the high carotenoid content of the cellobiose powder at the end of the storage. Cellobiose might protect the carotenoids from degradation processes by light exposure, high temperature, and oxygen due to a tighter particle crust and larger particle sizes. Therefore, cellobiose may be considered a potential carrier agent for the encapsulation of carotenoid-rich fruit juices.

Foliar Glycine Betaine or Hydrogen Peroxide Sprays Ameliorate Waterlogging Stress in Cape Gooseberry.

Exogenous glycine betaine (GB) or hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) application has not been explored to mitigate waterlogging stress in Andean fruit trees. The objective of this study was to evaluate foliar GB or H2O2 application on the physiological behavior of Cape gooseberry plants under waterlogging. Two separate experiments were carried out. In the first trial, the treatment groups were: (1) plants without waterlogging and with no foliar applications, (2) plants with waterlogging and without foliar applications, and (3) waterlogged plants with 25, 50, or 100 mM of H2O2 or GB, respectively. The treatments in the second trial were: (1) plants without waterlogging and with no foliar applications, (2) plants with waterlogging and without foliar applications, and (3) waterlogged plants with 100 mM of H2O2 or GB, respectively. In the first experiment, plants with waterlogging and with exogenous GB or H2O2 applications at a dose of 100 mM showed higher leaf water potential (-0.5 Mpa), dry weight (1.0 g), and stomatal conductance (95 mmol·m-2·s-1) values. In the second experiment, exogenously supplied GB or H2O2 also increased the relative growth rate, and leaf photosynthesis mitigating waterlogging stress. These results show that short-term GB or H2O2 supply can be a tool in managing waterlogging in Cape gooseberry.

Identification of Odor Active Compounds in Physalis peruviana L.

The volatiles of cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana L.) were isolated by solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE), odor active compounds identified by gas chromatography-olfactometry (GC-O) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Quantitation of compounds was performed by headspace-solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) for all but one. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) revealed 18 odor active regions, with the highest flavor dilution values (FD = 512) noted for ethyl butanoate and 4-hydroxy-2,5-dimethylfuran-3-one (furaneol). Odor activity values were determined for all 18 compounds and the highest was noted for ethyl butanoate (OAV = 504), followed by linalool, (E)-non-2-enal, (2E,6Z)-nona-2,6-dienal, hexanal, ethyl octanoate, ethyl hexanoate, butane-2,3-dione, and 2-methylpropanal. The main groups of odor active compounds in Physalis peruviana L. were esters and aldehydes. A recombinant experiment confirmed the identification and quantitative results.

NMR-based metabolic study of fruits of Physalis peruviana L. grown in eight different Peruvian ecosystems.

The berry of Physalis peruviana L. (Solanaceae) represents an important socio-economical commodity for Latin America. The absence of a clear phenotype renders it difficult to trace its place of origin. In this study, Cape gooseberries from eight different regions within the Peruvian Andes were profiled for their metabolism implementing a NMR platform. Twenty-four compounds could be unequivocally identified and sixteen quantified. One-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test revealed that all of the quantified metabolites changed significantly among regions: Bambamarca I showed the most accumulated significant differences. The coefficient of variation demonstrated high phenotypic plasticity for amino acids, while sugars displayed low phenotypic plasticity. Correlation analysis highlighted the closely coordinated behavior of the amino acid profile. Finally, PLS-DA revealed a clear separation among the regions based on their metabolic profiles, accentuating the discriminatory capacity of NMR in establishing significant phytochemical differences between producing regions of the fruit of P. peruviana L.

Characterization of carotenoid profiles in goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits at various ripening stages and in different plant tissues by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn.

Carotenoid profiles of goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.) fruits differing in ripening states and in different fruit fractions (peel, pulp, and calyx of ripe fruits) were investigated by HPLC-DAD-APCI-MSn. Out of the 53 carotenoids detected, 42 were tentatively identified. The carotenoid profile of unripe fruits is dominated by (all-E)-lutein (51%), whereas in ripe fruits, (all-E)-ß-carotene (55%) and several carotenoid fatty acid esters, especially lutein esters esterified with myristic and palmitic acid as monoesters or diesters, were found. In overripe fruits, carotenoid conversion products and a higher proportion of carotenoid monoesters to diesters compared to ripe fruits were observed. Overripe fruits showed a significant decrease in total carotenoids of about 31% due to degradation. The observed conversion and degradation processes included epoxidation, isomerization, and deesterification. The peel of ripe goldenberries showed a 2.8 times higher total carotenoid content of 332.00 µg/g dw compared to the pulp.

Salt stress and exogenous silicon influence physiological and anatomical features of in vitro-grown cape gooseberry / Estresse salino e silício exógeno influenciam características fisiológicas e anatômicas de fisális cultivada in vitro

ABSTRACT: Salt stress is one of several major abiotic stresses that affect plant growth and development, and there are many evidences that silicon can ameliorate the injuries caused by high salinity. This study presents the results of an assay concerning: (1) the effect of in vitro NaCl-induced salt stress in cape gooseberry plants and (2) the possible mitigating effect of silicon in saline conditions. For that, nodal segments were inoculated in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium under salinity (0.5 and 1.0% NaCl) with different silicic acid concentrations (0, 0.5 and 1.0g L-1). Phytotechnical characteristics, photosynthetic pigments content, and leaf anatomy were evaluated after 30 days. Shoot length, root length, number of leaves and buds, fresh and dry weight, pigment content, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness were drastically reduced by increased salt level. The supply of silicon (1.0g L-1) has successfully mitigated the effect of salinity at 0.5% NaCl for chlorophyll, carotenoids, stomatal density and leaf blade thickness. When salt stress was about 1.0%, Si was not effective anymore. In conclusion, we affirmed that, in in vitro conditions, salt stress is harmful for cape gooseberry plants and the addition of silicon showed effective in mitigating the saline effects of some features.

RESUMO: O estresse salino é um dos tipos de estresses abióticos mais severos que afetam o crescimento e desenvolvimento vegetal e existem muitas evidências de que o silício possa amenizar os danos causados pela elevada salinidade. Este estudo apresenta os resultados de uma pesquisa que investigou: (1) o efeito do estresse salino in vitro induzido por NaCl em plantas de fisális e (2) o possível efeito mitigador do silício nas condições salinas. Para isso, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio de cultura Murashige e Skoog com dois níveis de salinidade (0,5 e 1,0% de NaCl) adicionado de ácido silícico (0; 0,5 e 1,0g L-1). Características fitotécnicas, conteúdo de pigmentos fotossintéticos e anatomia foliar foram avaliados aos 30 dias. O comprimento da parte aérea e da raiz, número de folhas e gemas, massa fresca e seca, conteúdo de pigmentos, densidade estomática e espessura do limbo foliar diminuíram drasticamente devido ao aumento do nível de salinidade. A aplicação de 1,0g L-1 silício atenuou com sucesso os efeitos salinos para as variáveis conteúdo de pigmentos e anatomia foliar quando a salinidade era de 0,5% NaCl. Já quando o nível de NaCl dobrou, o silício não se mostrou efetivo. Concluindo, pode-se afirmar que, em condições in vitro, o estresse salino é prejudicial à fisális e a adição de silício mostra-se efetiva na mitigação dos efeitos salinos em determinadas características.

Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies in Physalis peruviana L / Sintomas visuais de deficiências nutricionais em fisalis, Physalis peruviana L

The physalis production has caused interest of producers, consumers and traders due to its easy growing, high nutritional value and economic value added. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth and characterize the symptoms of macro and micronutrient deficiencies in physalis seedlings (Physalis peruviana L.). The seedlings were grown in complete nutrient solution and also in solutions with individual omissions of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn, using the missing element technique. Visual symptoms of nutrient deficiency and the dry matter production of shoot and root, respectively taken at 68 and 150 days after treatment application were evaluated. Omissions of macro and micronutrients caused visual symptoms of nutrient deficiencies common to other species. Nutrient deficiencies limited the total dry matter production in the following order: N > S> P> K > Ca > Mg for macronutrients and Fe > B > Zn > Mn > Cu for micronutrients, respectively.

A produção de fisalis tem despertado interesse de produtores, consumidores e comercializadores devido seu fácil cultivo, grande valor nutricional e econômico agregado. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e caracterizar os sintomas de deficiências de macro e micronutrientes em mudas de fisalis (Physalis peruviana L.). As mudas foram cultivadas em solução nutritiva completa e, também em soluções com omissões individuais de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn, pelo uso da técnica do elemento faltante. Foram avaliados os sintomas visuais de deficiência de nutrientes, e a produção de matéria seca da parte aérea e das raízes aos 68 e 150 dias após a aplicação dos tratamentos, respectivamente. As omissões de macro e micronutrientes provocaram sintomas visuais de deficiências nutricionais comuns a outras espécies. As deficiências limitaram a produção de matéria seca total na seguinte ordem: N > S > P > K > Ca > Mg para macronutrientes e Fe > B > Zn > Mn > Cu, para micronutrientes, respectivamente.

Optimization of the spray drying process for obtaining cape gooseberry powder: an innovative and promising functional food / Optimización del proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención uchuva en polvo: un alimento funcional innovador y promisorio

Background: currently, functional foods are the type of foods of most interest to the modern consumer, due to the health benefits they provide. Objectives: Optimize the spray drying process to obtain cape gooseberry powder added with active compounds. Methods: A process of spray drying was carried out to obtain a powder from cape gooseberry suspensions added with vitamin C, iron, folic acid, isolated soy protein and dietary fiber. The drying process was optimized according to the characteristics of food formulations and operating conditions, obtaining a product with low hygroscopicity, high solubility and high levels of physiologically active compounds. Response surface methodology was used, considering a central composite design with four factors: maltodextrin (0-40%p/p), inlet air temperature (170-210°C), atomizer disc speed (16000-24000 rpm) and outlet air temperature (75-95°C). Results: The results showed a higher retention of vitamin C (69.7±0.7%), folic acid (90.9±1.8%) and iron (90.8±1.0%) with the food formulation containing a 24.4% of maltodextrin and the drying process defined by an atomizer disc speed of 19848 rpm and inlet and outlet air temperature of 194.2°C and 87.7°C, respectively. Conclusions: The spray drying process is an effective technology that provides added value to the fruit of cape gooseberry, allowing the incorporation and conservation of active compounds such as iron, folic acid and ascorbic acid.

Antecedentes: Actualmente, los alimentos funcionales son la gama de alimentos de mayor interés para el consumidor moderno, debido a los beneficios saludables que estos proporcionan. Objetivo: Optimizar el proceso de secado por aspersión para la obtención de uchuva en polvo adicionado con componentes activos. Métodos: Suspensiones de uchuva adicionadas con vitamina C, hierro, ácido fólico, proteína de soya texturizada y fibra fueron sometidas a secado por aspersión para la obtención de un producto en polvo fortificado. El proceso de secado fue optimizado de acuerdo con las características de formulación de la suspensión y condiciones de operación del secador con el objetivo de obtener un producto en polvo con baja higroscopicidad, alta solubilidad y altos niveles de compuestos fisiológicamente activos. Se utilizó la metodología de superficie de respuesta, considerando un diseño central compuesto con 4 factores: maltodextrina (0-40%p/p), temperatura del aire de entrada (170-210°C), velocidad del disco atomizador (16000-24000 rpm) y temperatura del aire de salida (75-95°C). Resultados: Los resultados mostraron una mayor retención de vitamina C (69,7±0,7%), ácido fólico (90,9±1,8%) e hierro (90,8±1,0%) con la formulación de la suspensión que contiene un 24,4% de maltodextrina y condiciones de operación del proceso de secado definidas por una velocidad de disco atomizador de 19848 rpm y temperatura del aire a la entrada y salida de 194,2°C y 87,7°C, respectivamente. Conclusiones: El proceso de secado por aspersión es una tecnología efectiva que proporciona valor agregado al fruto de uchuva, permitiendo la incorporación y conservación de componentes activos como hierro, ácido fólico y ácido ascórbico.

Prevention of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced toxicity in testes of rats treated with Physalis peruviana L. fruit.

Treatment of rats with carbon tetrachloride (CCl4; 2 ml/kg body weight) once a week for 12 weeks caused a significant decrease in serum levels of testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. These decreases in sex hormones were reduced with Physalis peruviana L. (Cape gooseberry) juice supplementation. In addition, testicular activity of antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase suppressed with CCl4 were elevated after P. peruviana juice supplements. P. peruviana juice supplementation significantly increased the testicular glutathione and significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxidation and the nitric oxide production compared with the CCl4 group. In addition, the decline in the activity of antioxidant enzymes after CCl4 was ameliorated by P. peruviana Moreover, degeneration of germ and Leydig cells along with deformities in spermatogenesis induced after CCl4 injections were prevented with the supplementation of P. peruviana juice. Furthermore, P. peruviana juice attenuated CCl4-induced apoptosis in testes tissue by inhibition of caspase-3 activity. The results clearly demonstrate that P. peruviana juice augments the antioxidants defense mechanism against CCl4-induced reproductive toxicity and provides evidence that the juice may have a therapeutic role in free radical-mediated diseases and infertility.

Evaluación de la acción antiproliferativa del extracto acuoso de Physalis peruviana L. (Aguaymanto) en cultivos celulares de linfocitos humanos y leucemia mieloide crónica (K562) / Evaluation of the antiproliferative action of the aqueous extract of Physalis peruviana L. (Aguaymanto) in cell cultures of human lymphocytes and chronic myeloid leukemia (K562)

Physalis peruviana L. "Aguaymanto" es una especie peruana usada tradicionalmente en el tratamiento del cáncer y otras enfermedades por sus presuntas propiedades quimioprofilácticas, quimioterapéuticas, antibióticas, antipiréticas, antivirales y antimicóticas. Es así que se postula como una valiosa fuente natural para la obtención de nuevos agentes farmacológicos. En el presente estudio se evaluó el efecto antiproliferativo del extracto acuoso de Physalis peruviana L. en linfocitos humanos y en la línea celular K562 (leucemia mieloide crónica), para lo cual se colectaron frutos frescos de la provincia de Carhuaz (Ancash) que fueron procesados para obtener un extracto sólido puro para adicionarlo a un cultivo celular in vitro linfocitario aislado de 10 individuos sanos y de la línea celular K562. Los cultivos fueron mantenidos en condiciones adecuadas y se les añadió cuatro dosis del extracto acuoso (50, 100, 200 y 400 µg/ml), de cisplatino (0.3, 0.6, 1.25 y 2.5 µg/ml) y como control negativo el medio de cultivo. Se determinó la viabilidad celular mediante el conteo celular con el colorante azul de tripano en la cámara de Neubauer y con el ensayo colorimétrico MTT en el lector de ELISA. Los resultados mostraron que las concentraciones de aguaymanto con mayor efecto antiproliferativo fueron 200 y 400 µg/ml, que alcanzaron porcentajes de inhibición mayores de 50 % tanto para los linfocitos y la línea celular K562. Paralelamente, el cisplatino mostró claramente mayor efecto antiproliferativo en los linfocitos en comparación con el aguaymanto, mientras que el aguaymanto mostró mayor efecto antiproliferativo en la línea K562, lo que podría sugerir que el fruto es menos dañino en linfocitos que el cisplatino. El análisis estadístico se realizó con el software STATA a un nivel del 5% (Kruskall-Wallis, p<0.05), encontrándose diferencias significativas en la viabilidad celular de los linfocitos y de K562 con extracto acuoso de aguaymanto y cisplatino. Con el aguaymanto, la viabilidad celular fue mayor en linfocitos que en K562; y con el cisplatino, la viabilidad celular fue mayor en K562 que en linfocitos. La concentración inhibitoria media del aguaymanto fue de ßγ5.7γ µg/ml para linfocitos y para la línea celular K56ß fue de 146.ß5 µg/ml, lo que dio un índice de selectividad mayor a 1 (Microsoft Excel 2010). Esto indica que el aguaymanto tiene mayor efecto antiproliferativo sobre las células cancerígenas de leucemia que sobre las células no malignas (linfocitos). Los resultados son satisfactorios y sugieren continuar estudios sobre las diversas bondades medicinales del aguaymanto como fuente potencial de compuestos bioactivos con aplicación terapéutica.

Efecto antihipertensivo del extracto etanólico de los frutos de Physlis peruviana L. "aguaymanto" Ayacucho - 2014 / Antihypertensive effect of the ethanolic extract of the fruits of Physlis peruviana L. "aguaymanto" Ayacucho - 2014

La hipertensión arterial es una de las enfermedades no infecciosas ampliamente distribuidas en el mundo y es una de las principales causas de muerte de la po blación, es por ello considerado un problema de salud pública mundial, sin em bargo las plantas medicinales tales como Physalis peruviana L. "aguaymanto" es usado tradicionalmente por sus bondades como: hipoglicemiante, diurético, antiinflamatorio, cicatrizante y expectorante, etc. Por eso se planteó la siguiente investigación con el objetivo de determinar el efecto antihipertensivo del extracto etanólico de los frutos Physa/is peruviana L. "aguaymanto," estudiando a dife rentes concentraciones, lo cual fue realizado en el Área de Farmacia, de la Fa cultad de Ciencias de la Salud, de la Universidad Nacional de San Cristóbal de Huamanga durante los meses de enero a junio del 2015, la muestra vegetal fue recogidas en la localidad Quiturara del distrito de Huamanguilla Huanta, departamento de Ayacucho. provincia El método empleado fue de Miranda y Cuellar, reacciones de coloración y pre cipitación de metabolitos secundarios, fueron identificados en el extracto etanóli co de frutos de Physa/ís peruviana L. "aguaymanto" flavonoides, taninos, fenoles, catequinas, alcaloides, saponinas, lactonas y/o cumarinas, cardenólidos, esteroi des y triterpenos y azúcares reductores. Se indujo hipertensión con L-NAME, los 40 ratas de raza Holtzman de peso promedio de 250-300 g divididas en ocho lotes de cinco cada uno el Lote 1 fue el blanco, Lote 11 recibió 40 mg/kg/día de L- NAME y el Lote 111, IV, V, VI recibieron el extracto etanólico a 100, 200, 400 y 600 mg/kg/día respectivamente y el Lote VII,VIII recibió captopril y losartán, to dos los tratamientos fueron administrados durante 1 O días como indica el méto do de Rojas y Armas, la presión .arterial sistólica y diastólica se medio con un equipo tensiómetro indirecta no invasivo (Panlab), los datos se evaluaron me diante la prueba de Tukey, Dunett y ANOVA al 95% de nivel de confianza. Los porcentajes de eficacia antihipertensiva fueron de 30,3%, 31%, 48,5% y 18,4% a la dosis de 100, 200, 400 y 600 mg/kg respectivamente, mientras que el captopril fue de 98,2% y losartán de 99,7% de eficacia. Se concluye que el extracto etanólico de los frutos de Physalis peruviana L. "aguaymanto" tiene efecto antihipertensivo.

Optimización experimental del proceso de liofilización de uchuva adicionada con componentes activos por impregnación al vacío / Experimental optimization of the freeze dry process of cape gooseberry added with active compounds by vacuum impregnation

Antecedentes: Los procesos de optimización experimental, representan una herramienta efectiva para el mejoramiento de la calidad de los productos, contribuyendo en la diversificación de productos en la cadena de uchuva, como frutos promisorios de exportación. Objetivo: El objetivo del estudio fue optimizar el proceso de liofilización para obtener uchuvas (Physalis peruviana L.) semiesféricas adicionadas con componentes activos y de excelentes atributos de calidad. Métodos: Las muestras semiesféricas (3 - 4 g) fueron tratadas inicialmente por impregnación al vacío con una emulsión que contenía proteína de soja, sucralosa, tensoactivos, calcio, vitamina D3 (Colecalciferol), vitamina E (DL-α-tocoferol acetato) y vitamina B9 . La optimización experimental del proceso de liofilización se realizó con un diseño factorial 22 con el fin de determinar la condición óptima de operación, utilizando como variables independientes la velocidad de calentamiento de la placa (ºC/min) y el tiempo de sostenimiento a la temperatura de la placa para cada segmento del proceso y como variables dependientes: concentración de los componentes con actividad fisiológica, actividad de agua, humedad, textura, color y tiempo total de proceso. Resultados: Se identificó una influencia de las condiciones del proceso sobre las variables de respuesta, donde una porción de 49 g de uchuvas liofilizadas alcanzó contenidos superiores al 20% del valor diario de referencia de vitamina D y entre el 10 y 20% del valor diario de referencia en calcio y vitaminas B9, C y E; permitiendo identificar al producto como "Excelente fuente de vitamina D" y "Buena fuente de calcio y vitaminas B9, C, E", según la normativa colombiana. La condición óptima de proceso se alcanzó a una velocidad de calentamiento de placa de 0,04 ºC/min y un tiempo de sostenimiento de la temperatura de la placa de 1,2 h. Conclusiones: La aplicación integrada de procesos de impregnación al vacío y liofilización, representan una alternativa importante en el desarrollo de alimentos funcionales en el fruto de uchuva.

Introduction: Experimental optimization processes represent an effective tool for improving the quality of products, contributing to the diversification of products in the agricultural value chain of cape gooseberry, as promising export fruit. Aim: The aim of this study was to optimize the freeze-drying process to obtain hemispherical cape gooseberries (Physalis peruviana L.) with added active compounds, and with excellent quality attributes. Methods: The hemispherical samples (3 - 4 g) were initially treated by vacuum impregnation with an emulsion containing soybean protein, sucralose, surfactants, calcium, vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol), vitamin E (DL-α-tocopherol acetate) and vitamin B9. The experimental optimization of the freeze-drying was performed using a factorial design 22 to determine the optimum operating condition, using as independent variables the rate of heating plate (°C/min) and holding time at the temperature of the plate for each segment of the process and as dependent variables: concentration of physiologically active components, water activity, moisture content, texture, color and total processing time. Results: An influence of process conditions on the response variables was identified, where a portion of 49 g of freeze-dried gooseberries reached over 20% content of daily reference value (DRV) of vitamin D and between 10 and 20% of DRV in calcium and vitamin B9, C and E; allowing to identify the product as "Excellent source of vitamin D" and "Good source of calcium and vitamin B9, C, E", according to Colombian regulations. The optimal process condition was reached at a 0.04 °C/min heating rate of plate and a 1.2 h holding time of the plate temperature. Conclusions: The application of the integrated processes of vacuum impregnation and freeze-drying show an important technological alternative to development of functional foods from the fruit of cape gooseberry.

Optimización experimental de una formulación de pulpa de uchuva (Physalis peruviana) para mejorar su procesamiento en el secado por atomización / Experimental Optimization of cape gooseberry pulp (Physalis peruviana) formulation to improve its processing by spray drying

Antecedentes: En Colombia, el fruto de la uchuva (Physalis peruviana) está identificado como un fruto promisorio de exportación, por lo que la mejora de su procesamiento representa contribuir a una mayor competitividad de la cadena. Objetivos: el objetivo de este trabajo fue optimizar en función de parámetros fisicoquímicos y reológicos la formulación de una suspensión a base de pulpa de uchuva mezclada con los aditivos maltodextrina (MD) y goma arábiga (GA) con fines de ser utilizada en secado por atomización. Métodos: La optimización se realizó aplicando un diseño experimental central compuesto mediante superficie de respuesta con dos factores (MD y GA) y variables de respuesta (densidad, ºBrix, aw, pH, y parámetros reológicos). Resultados: La caracterización reológica de las suspensiones mostró un comportamiento tipo adelgazante con esfuerzo de cedencia (Modelo de Hershel-Bulkley). La suspensión que mejor se ajustó a los criterios de optimización para fines de secado por atomización fue para la formulación basada en MD (24%) y GA (0%) con caracterización reológica de Herschel-Bulkley tipo adelgazante con índice de consistencia (K= 0,119±0,017 Pa.sn), índice de potencia (n=0,75±0,03) y esfuerzo de cedencia (τo= 0,092±0,069 Pa). Los resultados para las propiedades fisicoquímicas en el punto optimizado fueron densidad = 1,167±0,005 g/mL, °Brix = 35,5±0,5, aw = 0,974±0,002. El pH y τo no fueron estadísticamente significativos (p>0,05) en la formulación de las suspensiones. Conclusiones: La optimización experimental representa una herramienta importante que permitió obtener una formulación de uchuva con MD y GA apta para secado por aspersión, representando un ahorro en tiempo y dinero para el investigador y la industria.

Background: In Colombia, the Cape gooseberry fruit (Physalis peruviana) is identified as a promising export fruit, so improving its processing is contributing to greater competitiveness of the chain. Objectives: The aim of this study was to optimize suspension of cape gooseberry pulp mixed with gum arabic (GA) and maltodextrin (MD) with the purpose of being used in spray drying. Methods: The optimization was performed using a central composite design with response surface of two factors (MD and GA) and response variables (density, ° Brix, water activity (aw), pH, and rheological parameters). Results: The rheological characterization of the suspensions showed a shear thinning behavior with yield stress (Herschel-Bulkley Model). The results indicated that best suspension to be used in spray drying would be formulated with MD (24%) and GA (0%) showing a rheological response of Herschel-Bulkley fluid with consistency index (K=0.119±0.017 Pa-sn), power index (n=0.75±0.03) and yield stress (τo=0,092±0,069 Pa). To the optimized condition, the results for the physicochemical properties were density (1.167 ± 0.005 g/mL), °Brix (35.5±0.5), aw (0.974±0.002). Additionally, the pH and τo of Herschel Bulkley model was not statistically significant (p>0.05) in the suspension formulation. Conclusions: The experimental optimization is an important tool that allowed us to obtain a formulation of gooseberry with MD and GA suitable for spray drying, representing a saving in time and money for research and industry.